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29 July 1977

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Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
Amendment to Section 72, page 15


Amendments
After the Referendum on 21 May 1977, the Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) Act 1977 (enacted on 29 July 1977) altered the provisions in the Constitution for payment and terms of office of judges:


72. The Justices of the High Court and of the other courts created by the Parliament–

(i.) Shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council:

(ii.) Shall not be removed except by the Governor-General in Council, on an address from both Houses of the Parliament in the same session, praying for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity:

Shall receive such remuneration as the Parliament may fix; but the remuneration shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
The appointment of a Justice of the High Court shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age of seventy years, and a person shall not be appointed as a Justice of the High Court if he has attained that age.

The appointment of a Justice of a court created by the Parliament shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age that is, at the time of his appointment, the maximum age for Justices of that court and a person shall not be appointed as a Justice of such a court if he has attained the age that is for the time being the maximum age for Justices of that court.

Subject to this section, the maximum age for Justices of any court created by the Parliament is seventy years.
The Parliament may make a law fixing an age that is less than seventy years as the maximum age for Justices of a court created by the Parliament and may at any time repeal or amend such a law, but any such repeal or amendment does not affect the term of office of a Justice under an appointment made before the repeal or amendment.


A Justice of the High Court or of a court created by the Parliament may resign his office by writing under his hand delivered to the Governor-General.


Nothing in the provisions added to this section by the Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) 1977 affects the continuance of a person in office as a Justice of a court under an appointment made before the commencement of those provisions.


A reference in this section to the appointment of a Justice of the High Court or of a court created by the Parliament shall be read as including a reference to the appointment of a person who holds office as a Justice of the High Court or of a court created by the Parliament to another office of Justice of the same court having a different status or designation.


Source: Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) Act 1977 (No. 83 of 1977). (NAA: A1559/1, 83/1977)
Effect
The doctrine of the 'separation of powers' maintains the independence of the three 'arms' of government, the Parliament, the Executive and the Judiciary. The Executive appoints judges, and the Constitution limits the powers of removal by requiring the Parliament to act also. There was no provision a retirement age and this amendment to Section 72 introduced a retirement age of 70 years for judges appointed by the Commonwealth.

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